Investigation of masticatory muscle thickness and mechanosensitivity of cervical and masticatory muscles in myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients with bruxism: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Bruxism is a common problem associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The aim of this study was to compare a patient group with Myofascial TMD and bruxism and a healthy control group in terms of masseter and temporal muscle thickness (clenching and resting), mechanosensitivity of neck and jaw muscles, craniofacial pain, and disability and emotional stress status. METHODS: The study included 31 patients with myofascial TMD and bruxism (19 females, 12 males) with a mean age of 29.96 ± 8.12 years (range, 18-45 years), and a control group of 31 healthy subjects (19 females, 12 males) with a mean age of 27.58 ± 9.39 years years (range, 18-45 years). Masseter and temporal muscle thicknesses were evaluated with a mobile ultrasound device both at rest and when clenching the jaw. The mechanosensitivity values between the upper trapezius, obliquus capitis inferior, masseter and temporal muscles were measured with a digital algometer device. Craniofacial pain and disability level were evaluated with the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Index (CFPDI), and emotional stress levels with the Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14). RESULTS: No difference was determined between the two groups in respect of the clenching and resting ratios of muscle thickness in any muscle (p > 0.05). The mechanosensitivity values in all muscles were lower in the myofascial TMD group than in the healthy group (p < 0.05). The CFPDI and PSS-14 scores were higher in the myofascial TMD group (p < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between CFPDI, PSS-14 and Bruxism Frequency Score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The difference in mechanosensitivity and CFPDI values between the myofascial TMD patients with bruxism and the healthy control group indicates that the problem in this patient group has effects in the craniocervical and cervical regions. In addition, the correlation between CFPDI, PSS-14 and Bruxism Frequency Score in myofascial TMD patients suggests that this problem may be affected by the interaction of different parameters.

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Henry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory (HDI/T) in patients with cervicogenic headache.

PURPOSE: Cultural adaptation to Henry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory (HDI) and investigating the validity and reliability of this inventory. METHODS: International standards were followed in conducting the cultural adaption of Henry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory Turkish version (HDI-T). Test-Retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) were included in the psychometric assessments; Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the structural validity; and construct validity was performed by examining relationship the HDI-T between the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT- 6), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14), and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). RESULTS: HDI-T showed excellent test-retest reliability (ICC =0.901), excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's a = 0.935), and low to high correlation with Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14) and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Following EFA, two factors (emotional and functional) were extracted, accounting for 50.734% of the total variation. The dimensional structure of the HDI-T obtained in the EFA was confirmed by CFA. CONCLUSION: The HDI-T is a reliable and valid instrument to determine the symptoms and disability in the Turkish population with cervicogenic headaches.Implications for RehabilitationHenry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory Turkish version (HDI-T) is an outcome measure with high validity and reliability to obtain objective data in the determination of disability due to cervicogenic headache.HDI-T is recommended for all rehabilitation professionals to evaluate both the disability levels before rehabilitation and the changes during the rehabilitation process in patients with cervicogenic headaches in the Turkish population.Physiotherapists, orthopedists and neurosurgeons can also use HDI-T to objectively evaluate the secondary effects of their treatment for neck problems.

Supervised exercises have superior effects compared to home-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis following platelet-rich plasma injection.

The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of physiotherapist-supervised and home-based exercises after platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) injection in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Thirty women (mean age = 57.83 ± 7.26 years; mean weight = 72.13 ± 15.54 kg; mean height = 158.40 ± 4.49 cm; mean body mass index = 28.75 ± 6.18 kg/m2) were included. Patients randomized either supervised or home-basedexercise-group after PRP. Both groups performed 6-week (3 times/week) exercise. Pain, hip and knee muscle strength, and knee functions were assessed before and after exercise. The median improvement in the pain from baseline to 6th week was 3.80 (2.85-5.55) point in-supervised-exercise-group while it was 0.60 (-0.10-2.55) point in home-based-exercise-group (p = 0.002). The median improvement in knee function was 22.91 (13.02-30.20) in supervised-exercise-group overtime (p < 0.001). There was no improvement in knee function following home-based exercises (p = 1.000). The supervised-exercise-group revealed a significant improvement in hip (median difference = 32.00 (8.30-88.95), p = 0.011); quadriceps (median difference = 32.10 (21.65-60.05), p = 0.001) and hamstring (median difference = 27.90 (7.95-37.65), p = 0.022) strength overtime. The physiotherapist-supervised exercises after PRP had better effects on pain and knee function than the home-based exercises.

Effects of Craniocervical Flexion on Suprahyoid and Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Activation in Different Exercises.

This study aims to investigate the effects of craniocervical flexion (CCF) on the activation of suprahyoid and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles in Shaker and Resistant Jaw Opening (RJO) exercises, and to compare the effects of these two exercises on the same muscles with the Chin Tuck Against Resistance (CTAR) exercise. The study recruited a total of 37 healthy participants (20 female and 17 male, mean age: 27.45 ± 7.32 years). All participants received craniocervical flexion training with the biofeedback pressure unit (Stabilizer™, Chattanooga Group Inc. USA). Shaker, Shaker with CCF, RJO, RJO with CCF and CTAR exercises were performed and surface electromyographic (sEMG) activations of the suprahyoid and SCM muscles were recorded. In addition, the maximum sEMG activations of suprahyoid and SCM muscles were recorded for the normalization procedure. CCF increased the effect of Shaker exercise on the suprahyoid muscle activation (p < 0.001); but this effect was not seen in RJO exercise (p > 0.05). Suprahyoid muscle activation was lower in Shaker exercise compared to RJO and CTAR exercises (p < 0.016). SCM muscle activation was greater in CTAR exercise compared to Shaker and RJO exercises (p < 0.016). The addition of CCF to the Shaker and RJOE exercises did not affect the ranking among the three exercises for both the suprahyoid and SCM muscles. The result of this study suggest that integration of CCF movement to the Shaker exercise would have a greater therapeutic effect. In addition, RJO exercise can be included in the rehabilitation program as an alternate to CTAR exercise.

Timing of Dysphagia Screening in Alzheimer's Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is an important and frequent symptom in Alzheimer's dementia (AD). We hypothesized that dysphagia could be seen in the early stages of AD and sarcopenia presence rather than the severity of the AD affecting dysphagia. The main aim of this study was to investigate swallowing functions in AD patients according to stages. The second aim was to investigate the correlation between sarcopenia and dysphagia in AD. METHODS: This study involved 76 probable AD patients. For all participants, diagnosis of sarcopenia was based on definitions from the revised version of European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People at 2018. Dysphagia symptom severity was evaluated by the Turkish version of the Eating Assessment Tool, a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed for instrumental evaluation of swallowing. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale as CDR 1 (mild dementia), CDR 2 (moderate dementia), and CDR 3 (severe dementia). Swallowing evaluation parameters were analyzed between these groups. RESULTS: Mean age was 78.9 ± 6.4 years, and 56.4% were female. Twenty-six patients had mild dementia, 31 patients had moderate dementia, 19 patients had severe dementia (CDR 3). We found that sarcopenia rates were similar between AD stages according to CDR in our study population and dysphagia could be seen in every stage of AD. In a multivariate analysis, polypharmacy and sarcopenia were found to be independently associated factors for dysphagia, irrespective of stage of AD (OR: 6.1, CI: 1.57-23.9, P = 0.009; OR: 4.9, CI: 1.24-19.6, P = 0.023, respectively). CONCLUSION: Aspirations may be subtle so that AD patients and caregivers may not be aware of swallowing difficulties. Therefore, all AD patients, especially those who have polypharmacy and/or sarcopenia (probable-sarcopenia-severe sarcopenia), should be screened for dysphagia in every stage.

The Effects of Different Exercise Trainings on Suprahyoid Muscle Activation, Tongue Pressure Force and Dysphagia Limit in Healthy Subjects.

Suprahyoid muscle activation and tongue pressure force play a critical role for swallowing function. In addition, dysphagia limit is one of most important factors indicating swallowing efficiency. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 8-week training sessions of three different exercises including chin tuck against resistance (CTAR), Shaker exercises and chin tuck exercise with theraband on suprahyoid muscle activity, anterior tongue pressure and dysphagia limit in healthy subjects. Thirty-six healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 40 years who scored below 3 points from Turkish version of Eating Assessment Tool (T-EAT-10) were included in the study, and all participants were divided into three groups randomly. Maximal suprahyoid muscle activations and dysphagia limit of participants were assessed by superficial electromyography. CTAR and chin tuck exercise with theraband increased the maximum suprahyoid muscle activation (p1 = 0.004, p2 = 0.018), whereas Shaker exercise did not increase maximal suprahyoid muscle activation (p = 0.507) after exercise training. CTAR and chin tuck exercise with theraband increased tongue pressure (p1 = 0.045, p2 = 0.041), while Shaker exercise did not increase anterior tongue pressure (p = 0.248). There was no statistically significant difference in dysphagia limits in three groups between before and after exercise training (p > 0.05). As a result, although CTAR seems to be the most effective exercise in most parameters, chin tuck exercise with theraband can also be used as an alternative to CTAR to improve suprahyoid muscle activity and tongue pressure.

The pediatric version of the eating assessment tool-10 has discriminant ability to detect aspiration in children with neurological impairments.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the ability of the Pediatric version of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (PEDI-EAT-10) to detect aspiration in children with neurological impairments. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty-four children were included. Swallowing function was imaged with videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). The penetration and aspiration scale (PAS) was used to determine the penetration and aspiration severity. Parents completed the PEDI-EAT-10, which is a 10 item, reliable, and valid dysphagia symptom specific outcome instrument. KEY RESULTS: The mean age of children was 59.91 ± 55.33 months (min = 18, max = 315), of which 52.8% were male. The mean PEDI-EAT-10 of children with airway aspiration (PAS > 5) was 22.32 ± 10.73 (min = 0, max = 40) and the mean PEDI-EAT-10 of children who did not have aspiration (PAS < 6) was 12.35 ± 8.64 (min = 0, max = 40). A linear correlation was found between PEDI-EAT-10 and PAS scores of children (r = 0.41, P < 0.001). The sensitivity of a PEDI-EAT-10 score greater than 12 in predicting aspiration was 77% and the specificity was 54%. A PEDI-EAT-10 score greater than 12 has a positive predictive value of 69% and a negative predictive value of 64%. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: The PEDI-EAT-10 could be used to detect unsafe airway issues to identify and refer children for further instrumental swallowing evaluation.